A report from the Learning Policy Institute finds that while school shootings have prompted widespread interest in behavioral threat assessment (BTA) systems, physical security measures alone do little to prevent violence. When implemented with strong mental health supports and a positive school climate, BTAs can reduce suspensions, bullying, and disparities in discipline while promoting fairness and earlier intervention. Many schools, however, lack adequate staffing, training, and data systems, leading some to use BTAs in punitive ways that harm marginalized students. The report stresses that to make BTAs effective, policymakers must invest in counseling and mental health services, create supportive and connected school environments, and require transparent data collection to ensure accountability and equity.